Iron Arrow Honor Society

The Iron Arrow Honor Society is an association based at the University of Miami. Founded in 1926 as an all-male organization, the Iron Arrow Honor Society had a sister organization for women from 1936 to 1966. In that year, the sister organization chose to end its affiliation with the Iron Arrow Honor Society.

In 1972, Title IX was passed by the United States Congress. The goal of this legislation was to end discrimination on the basis of women. Title IX stated that no educational institution or entity receiving federal funding was allowed to deny anyone admission on the basis of gender. In 1974, regulations were issued to standardize implementation of this law. In 1976, the University of Miami was notified by the federal government that the Iron Arrow Honor Society was in violation of the law and therefore could not receive money from the school.

The University of Miami asked the federal Department of Health, Education and Welfare for time to establish new membership protocols. The Department agreed as long as the Iron Arrow Honor Society performed its initiation ceremony off-campus. Formerly, this initiation took place on a mound located outside the student union building. The Iron Arrow Honor Society then filed a lawsuit against the University seeking an injunction that would prevent the school from moving the initiation ceremony.

The case was heard in Florida district court, which ruled in favor of the school. The Iron Arrow Honor Society appealed the verdict, which was then reversed. A series of rulings brought the case to the Supreme Court, which sent it back down for further review before issuing its final ruling. In the interim, the university informed the Iron Arrow Honor Society that it would not be permitted on campus regardless of the Supreme Court's ruling unless women were admitted into the organization.

In hearing the case for the final time, the Supreme Court had to consider the issue of whether it could issue a ruling in a case which seemed to have already reached a conclusion. The University argued that since their decision about the Iron Arrow Honor Society was already made, there was no point in a further Supreme Court ruling. In an appeals court hearing, a split opinion concluded that it was still possible for the courts to order the University to take additional actions, such as forcing the Iron Arrow Honor Society to quit using its name.

However, the Supreme Court declined to issue any such instructions, as did the courts below it. The case therefore was closed without further legal action. Two years later, the Iron Arrow Honor Society decided to allow women to join the organization. The University of Miami therefore permitted the Iron Arrow Honor Society to resume operation on campus. There have been no subsequent legal developments concerning the activities of the Iron Arrow Honor Society, which admits roughly 30 people a year.

The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry

The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry is an nonprofit organization founded in 1867 concerned with helping rural American families. The major focus of The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry is on issues related to agriculture. The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry describes itself as a non-political organization. There are four tiers of The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, which operates on a community, county or district, state and national level. The organization regularly conducts fundraising activities to assist in the implementation of local projects.

The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry has been involved with a number of legislative and practical initiatives throughout its history. One of its current priorities is addressing problems with the Independent Patient Advisory Board, which is in charge of finding ways to reduce the cost of Medicare. The position of The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry is that this federal board has been granted excessive authority and is likely to result in the loss of rural jobs in the medical industry.

Another current priority of The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry is reforming the US Postal System. Currently, the US Postal System is experiencing financial difficulties primarily due to a large decrease in the amount of physical mail sent. The position of The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry is that immediate reforms are needed in the operation of the Postal Service, which is vital as both an employer in rural areas and a provider of mail to rural residents.

Another current priority of The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry is to agitate for open auctions of spectrum frequencies used for wireless technology. The position of The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry is that open auctions should be held soon by the Federal Communications Commission, which must also implement strict guidelines to avoid favoritism and ensure that the highest possible sale price is obtained. This is important to The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, which is concerned with providing greater access to high-speed wireless technology to rural areas.

Another current priority of The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry concerns the regulation of pesticides used against mosquitoes and other flying insects, to control aquatic pests and weeds, and those used in the control of forest canopy pests. The passage of a new law amending the already in effect Clean Water Act has created requirements for compliance which many states will be unable to prepare for in time. It is the position of The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry that Congress must pass legislation to amend the Clean Water Act to protect farms from large fines.

National Collegiate Athletic Association

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (commonly abbreviated NCAA) is a private non-profit organization which organizes intercollegiate athletics in the United States and Canada. Founded in 1905, the National Collegiate Athletic Association has been involved in several controversial lawsuits.

 One major case involving the National Collegiate Athletic Association occurred in the 1984 Supreme Court case of NCAA v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Oklahoma. The case concerned the right of member universities of the NCAA to negotiate their own television contracts concerning the broadcast of college football games. In 1953, the National Collegiate Athletic Association created a Football Television Committee whose purpose was to negotiate the broadcast of collegiate football games. This committee restricted the number of games of each school which could be broadcast, as well as stipulating that the proceeds generated by advertising revenue during these broadcasts would be split between the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the colleges in question.

Due to dissatisfaction with the terms negotiated and imposed by the Football Television Committee, several major football programs formed their own alternative organization, named the College Football Association, which proceeded to negotiate a new contract for its member schools with the NBC television network. The National Collegiate Athletic Association announced in response that schools participating in this contract would face sanctions in all of their sports programs. As a result, the University of Oklahoma and the University of Georgia filed a lawsuit in Oklahoma district court with the purpose of obtaining an injunction preventing such punitive actions.

After a series of lower court hearings, the case was argued before the Supreme Court in March of 1984. A ruling was issued in June of that year in favor of the College Football Association. In its majority ruling, the court that the actions taken by the National Collegiate Athletic Association constituted restrained its member schools for reasons that were not reasonable and which violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. The National Collegiate Athletic Association argued in court that its actions were justifiable because they made college football programs more competitive. However, the Supreme Court ruled that this was not the case.

As a result of this ruling, the National Collegiate Athletic Association lost total control of television broadcast rights, allowing schools to negotiate fees for the broadcast of their games. An initial decline in revenue generated was soon reversed.

Another lawsuit against the National Collegiate Athletic Association concerning antitrust laws occurred in 2007, when several former student-athletes filed a lawsuit claiming that the organization's restrictions on athletes receiving full scholarships was a violation of the law. They argued that if this restriction was lifted, schools could be competitive in offering complete scholarships in athletes, benefitting both the students and the school programs. The court ruled in favor of the students, thereby placing an end to these restrictions. However, controversy is still widespread regarding the perceived unresponsiveness of the National Collegiate Athletic Association to member complaints.

The California Department of Real Estate (or Department of Real Estate, California, as it is sometimes called), is an organization devoted to protection of the consumers within the real estate markets of California. The California Department of Real Estate describes its own primary goals as helping to monitor and regulate the practices within the real estate markets of California; raising public awareness of issues within the real estate markets of California; and providing any necessary or important services to consumers as well as licensees of the Department of Real Estate, California.

The California Department of Real Estate indeed must spend a large amount of its resources and time in regulating those with a California real estate license, as well as issuing further such licenses to those who apply. A California real estate license is required for those who wish to act as real estate brokers and real estate salespeople within California. A California real estate license is also significant in that only those individuals who both show themselves to have the appropriate and necessary knowledge and who show themselves to have the proper character will receive such a California real estate license. In this way, the Department of Real Estate, California, is able to maintain some control on the real estate market of California in order to protect the consumers.